Caraka Saṃhitā: Post 5 (1.1.14-17)

 Caraka Saṃhitā: Verses 1.1.14-17

ब्रह्मज्ञानस्य निधयो दमस्य नियमस्य च ।

तपसस्तेजसा दीप्ता हूयमाना इवाग्नयः ॥ C१,१.१४

सुखोपविष्टास्ते तत्र पुण्यां चक्रुः कथामिमाम् ।

धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाणामारोग्यं मूलम् उत्तमम् ॥ C१,१.१५

रोगास्तस्यापहर्तारः श्रेयसो जीवितस्य च ।

प्रादुर्भूतो मनुष्याणामन्तरायो महान् अयम् ॥ C१,१.१६

कः स्यात्तेषां शमोपाय इत्युक्त्वा ध्यानमास्थिताः । C१,१.१७ a,b)

Oceans of the knowledge of Brahma, of restraint, and of observances, blazing with the energy of ascetic penances, (and) like fires upon which have been poured libations of clarified butter, these, seated there at their ease, took part in this beneficial conversation, (saying), — “Freedom from disease is the excellent root of Religion, Profit, Pleasure, and Salvation. Diseases are depredators thereof as also of happy life. This (therefore) is a great enemy of men that hath appeared. What shall be the means of checking them?’’ — Having said this, they betook to meditation

brahmajñānasya – of the knowledge of Brahma (neuter, genitive, singular)

nidhayaḥ - store houses, treasures (masculine, nominative, plural)

damasya – of control, of self command (masculine, genitive, singular)

niyamasya – of restraint (masculine, genitive, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

tapasas+tejasā – with the brilliance of austerity (neuter, instrumental, singular)

dīptāḥ - blazing, brilliant (adjective, masculine, nominative, plural)  

hūyamānāḥ -being, sacrificed into [with ghee?] (passive present participle, masculine, nominative, plural)

iva – like (indeclinable)

agnayaḥ - fires (masculine, nominative, plural)

sukhopaviṣṭāḥ (sukha+upaviṣṭāḥ) seated comfortably (adjective, masculine, nominative, plural)

te – they (pronoun, masculine, nominative, plural)

tatra – there (indeclinable)

puṇyāṃ - auspicious, righteous (adjective, feminine, accusative, singular)

cakruḥ - undertook, accomplished (3^rd person, perfect, plural √ कृ kṛ)

kathām – talk, discussion, story (noun, feminine, accusative, singular)

imām – this (pronoun, iyam, feminine, accusative, singular)

dharmārthakāmamokṣāṇām of dharma, artha, kāma, and mokṣa (dvandva, masculine, genitive, plural)

ārogyaṃ -  lack of/freedom from disease (noun, neuter, nominative, singular)

mūlam – root (noun, neuter, nominative, singular)

uttamam – best, highest (adjective, neuter, nominative, singular)

rogāḥ - diseases (noun, masculine, nominative, plural)

tasya – of that (tat, pronoun, neuter, genitive, singular)

apahartāraḥ - remover, plunderer (apa+hartḥ, agentive noun, masculine, nominative, plural)

śreyasaḥ - of the best (adjective, neuter, genitive, singular)

jīvitasya – of life (neuter, genitive, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

prādurbhūtaḥ - appeared, manifested (masculine, nominative, singular)

manuṣyāṇām – of men (masculine, genitive, plural)

antarāyaḥ - obstacle (noun, masculine, nominative, singular)

mahān – great (adjective, masculine, nominative, singular)

ayam – this (pronoun, (masculine, nominative, singular)

kaḥ - what, who (interrogative pronoun, masculine, nominative, singular)

syāt – shall be (verb, optative, 3^rd person, singular)

teṣāṃ - of them (pronoun, masculine, genitive, plural)

śamopāya – [śama+upāya] solution for pacifying, subduing  

iti – speech marker, indeclinable

uktvā – having said this (gerund, indeclinable, √vac)

dhyānam – meditation, concentration (neuter, accusative, singular)

āsthitāḥ - remained, settled in meditation (masculine, nominative, plural, passive past participle, ā√ sthā)

Caraka Saṃhitā Post 4 (1.1.8-13)

 

Caraka Saṃhitā Post 4 (1.1.8-13)

 

अङ्गिरा जमदग्निश्च वसिष्ठः कश्यपो भृगुः ।

आत्रेयो गौतमः सांख्यः पुलस्त्यो नारदोऽसितः ॥ C१,१.८

अगस्त्यो वामदेवश्च मार्कण्डेयाश्वलायनौ ।

पारिक्षिर्भिक्षुर् आत्रेयो भरद्वाजः कपिञ्जलः ॥ C१,१.९

विश्वामित्राश्मरथ्यौ च भार्गवश्च्यवनोऽभिजित् ।

गार्ग्यः शाण्डिल्यकौण्डिन्यौ वार्क्षिर् देवलगालवौ ॥ C१,१.१०

सांकृत्यो बैजवापिश्च कुशिको बादरायणः ।

बडिशः शरलोमा च काप्यकात्यायनाव् उभौ ॥ C१,१.११

काङ्कायनः कैकशेयो धौम्यो मारीचकाश्यपौ ।

शर्कराक्षो हिरण्याक्षो लोकाक्षः पैङ्गिरेव च ॥ C१,१.१२

शौनकः शाकुनेयश्च मैत्रेयो मैमतायनिः ।

वैखानसा वालखिल्यास्तथा चान्ये महर्षयः ॥ C१,१.१३

Aṅgiras, and Jamadagni, Vasiṣhṭha, Kaśyapa, Bhrigu, Atreya, Gautama, Sānkhya, Pulastya, Nārada, Asita, Agastya, and Vāmadeva, Mārkaṇḍeya and Aśvalāyana, Parīkṣhi, (the other) Atreya of the Bhikṣu order, Bharadwāja, Kapiñjala, Viśvāmitra and āśmaratha, Bhārgava, and Chyavana, Abhijit, Gārgya, Śāndilya, Kaundilya, Vākṣhiḥ, Devala, and Gālava, Sānkritya, Vaijavāpi, Kuśika, Bādarayana, Vadiśa, and Śaraloman, and both Kapya and Kātyāyana, Kānkaāyana, Kaikaśeya, Dhaumya, Mārīci, and Kaśyapa, Śarkarākṣa, Hiraṇyāksṣa, Lokākṣa, and Paingi, Śaunaka, and Śakuneya Maitreya, Maimatāyani, the Vaikhānasas, also the Vālakhilyas, and other great Rishis.

aṅgirā – (masculine, nominative, singular)

jamadagniḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

vasiṣṭhaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

kaśyapaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

bhṛguḥ ātreyḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

gautamaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

sāṃkhyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

pulastyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

nāradaḥ- (masculine, nominative, singular)

asitaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

agastyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

vāmadevaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indelcinable)

mārkaṇḍeya+aśvalāyanau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

pārikṣiḥ -(masculine, nominative, singular)

bhikṣuḥ ātreyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

bharadvājaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

kapiñjalaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

viśvāmitra+āśmarathyau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

ca – and (indeclinable)

bhārgavaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

cyavanaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

abhijit - (masculine, nominative, singular)

gārgyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

śāṇḍilya+kauṇḍinyau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

vārkṣiḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

devala+gālavau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

sāṃkṛtyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

baijavāpiḥ -(masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

kuśikaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

bādarāyaṇaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

baḍiśaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

śaralomā - (masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

kāpya+kātyāyanau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

ubhau – both (pronoun, masculine, nominative, dual)

kāṅkāyanaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

kaikaśeyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

dhaumyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

mārīca+kāśyapau - (masculine, nominative, dual)

śarkarākṣaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

hiraṇyākṣaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

lokākṣaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

paiṅgirevaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

śaunakaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

śākuneyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

ca – and (indeclinable)

maitreyaḥ - (masculine, nominative, singular)

maimatāyaniḥ  -(masculine, nominative, singular)

vaikhānasāḥ - (masculine, nominative, plural)

vālakhilyāḥ - (masculine, nominative, plural)

tathā – and, also (indeclinable)

cānye = ca+anye – and other(s) (pronoun, masculine, nominative, plural)

maharṣayaḥ - great rishis (masculine, nominative, plural)

 

Caraka Saṃhitā Post 3 (1.1.6-7)

 Caraka Saṃhitā - 1.1.6-7

विघ्नभूता यदा रोगाः प्रादुर्भूताः शरीरिणाम् ।

तपोपवासाध्ययनब्रह्मचर्यव्रतायुषाम् ॥ C१,१.६

तदा भूतेष्वनुक्रोशं पुरस्कृत्य महर्षयः ।

समेताः पुण्यकर्माणः पार्श्वे हिमवतः शुभे ॥ C१,१.७

अङ्गिरा जमदग्निश्च वसिष्ठः कश्यपो भृगुः ।

When diseases appeared as impediments to penances, fasts, study, continence,  vows, and life, of embodied creatures, then great Rishis of righteous deeds, keeping compassion for all beings before them, assembled together on the auspicious side of Himavat.

 

vighnabhūtā yadā rogāḥ prādurbhūtāḥ śarīriṇām /

tapopavāsādhyayanabrahmacaryavratāyuṣām // Car_1,1.6

tadā bhūteṣvanukrośaṃ puraskṛtya maharṣayaḥ /

sametāḥ puṇyakarmāṇaḥ pārśve himavataḥ śubhe // Car_1,1.7

One possible Anvaya

yadā tapa+upavāsa+adhyayana+brahmacarya+vrata+ āyuṣām  śarīriṇām  vighnabhūtāḥ rogāḥ prādurbhūtāḥ

tadā puṇyakarmāṇaḥ maharṣayaḥ bhūteṣu anukrośaṃ puraskṛtya himavataḥ śubhe pārśve sametāḥ

vighnabhūtāḥ - became obstacles (6^th case Tatpuruṣa, adjective for rogāḥ, masculine, nominative, plural)

yadā – when (indeclinable)

rogāḥ - diseases (masculine, nominative, plural)

prādurbhūtāḥ - appeared, became manifest (avyayibhāva, adjective rogāḥ masculine, nominative, plural)

śarīriṇām – of the embodied [beings] (masculine, genitive, plural)

tapa+upavāsa+adhyayana+brahmacarya+vrata+āyuṣām [Of the beings practicing] tapas, fasting, study, celibacy, vows and [their] life (dvandva, masculine, genitive, plural, adjective describing  śarīriṇām)

tadā - then

bhūteṣu – regarding, concerning beings (locative of reference, masculine plural)

anukrośaṃ - compassion, tenderness (masculine, accusative singular)

puraskṛtya – having kept before, putting before (indeclinable, gerund)

maharṣayaḥ - the great rishis (masculine, nominative, plural)

sametāḥ - gathered (passive past participle, sam-√I , masculine, nominative, plural

puṇyakarmāṇaḥ - they of pure deeds (bahuvrihi, adjective for the great rishis, masculine, nominative, plural_

pārśve – on the side (neuter, locative, singular)

himavataḥ - of the himavat mountain (masculine, genitive, singular)

śubhe – on the auspicious [side] (neuter, locative, singular) 

Caraka-Saṃhita Post 2 (1.1.4-5)

 Caraka-Saṃhita 1.1.4-5

 

ब्रह्मणा हि यथाप्रोक्तम् आयुर्वेदं प्रजापतिः ।

जग्राह निखिलेनादाव् अश्विनौ तु पुनस् ततः ॥ C१,१.४

अश्विभ्यां भगवाञ्छक्रः प्रतिपेदे ह केवलम् ।

ऋषिप्रोक्तो भरद्वाजस् तस्माच्छक्रम् उपागमत् ॥ C१,१.५

Since the Science of Life, as declared by Brahman, was received by Prajapati in its entirety, the Aśvins then from him, from the Aśvins the illustrious Śakra alone had received (it), therefore, requested by the Rishis, Bharadwaja repaired to Śakra.

brahmaṇā hi yathāproktam āyurvedaṃ prajāpatiḥ /
jagrāha nikhilenādāv aśvinau tu punas tataḥ // Car_1,1.4
aśvibhyāṃ bhagavāñchakraḥ pratipede ha kevalam /
ṛṣiprokto bharadvājas tasmācchakram upāgamat // Car_1,1.5

 

brahmaṇā  - by brahman (instrumental, neuter, singular)

hi – indeed (indeclinable particle)

yathā – in this manner (indeclinable)

proktam = pra+uktam – proclaimed, taught (passive, past participle pra√vac)

āyurvedaṃ - Ayurveda (masculine, accusative, singular)

prajāpatiḥ - Prajapati (proper noun, masculine, nominative, singular)

jagrāha – grabbed, took, received (3^rd person, past perfect √grah)

nikhilena – entirely, completely (indeclinable, adverb)

ādau – in the beginning, first (masculine, locative, singular – ādi)

aśvinau  - The two Aśvins (masculine, nominative, dual)

tu – indeed, but (indeclinable particle)

punaḥ - again, further (indeclinable)

tataḥ - then (indeclinable)

aśvibhyāṃ - from the two Aśvins (masculine, ablative, dual)

bhagavān - – glorious, divine, venerable (adjective, masculine, nominative, singular, bhagavat)

Śakraḥ  - Indra (epithet, masculine, nominative, singular)

pratipede  - obtained, received (3rd person singular, past perfect 1 ātmanepada prati√pad )

ha -  indeed, verily (indeclinable particle)

kevalam – alone (indeclinable adverb)

ṛṣiproktaḥ - addressed by the ṛṣis

bharadvājaḥ- Bharadvaja (masculine, nominative, singular)

tasmāt – therefore (indeclinable)

Śakram – to Indra (masculine, accusative, singular)

upāgamat – went, approached ((3^rd person singular, aorist, upa√gam Class 1 parasmai pada)

When verses become a bit complex for beginners, I will propose an ‘anvaya’ (prose form) so that the verse can be understood more logically.

Ādau brahmaṇā hi yathāproktam āyurvedaṃ prajāpatiḥ nikhilena jagrāha; aśvinau tu punaḥ; tataḥ aśvibhyāṃ bhagavān Śakraḥ ha kevalam pratipede; tasmāt ṛṣiproktaḥ Bharadvājaḥ Śakram upāgamat // Car_1,1.4-5

Caraka-Saṃhitā Post 1 (1.1.1-3)

  

Caraka Saṃhitā: Sanskrit text, transliteration, grammar and translation

For the benefit of fellow Sanskrit students and for those interested in Ayurveda, I am undertaking this labour of love. Living at the source is the theme of my blog. And this offering is no different. Learn Sanskrit and access the original text personally – till then, these posts are trainer wheels!

The format is the same as #SanskritAppreciationHour (for those of you who remember it!), but not interactive in real time. Please feel free to tweet @RohiniBakshi with queries.

The order followed for this project is – Sanskrit text, followed by an English translation for ease. Then follows a transliteration of the Sanskrit and finally a word-by-word grammatical analysis to support the translation.

The Sanskrit text has been taken from Upendra Nath Sen’s Charaka Samhita (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322332/page/n77/mode/2up)

The English Translation is of Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n9/mode/2up)

The transliteration is from GRETIL (https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/caraka_u.htm)

The grammatical exposition is my own. I welcome corrections and comments.

Please note that verse numbers vary in different editions, but the text is the same.

  

अथातो दीर्घंजीवितीयम् अध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥ C१,१.१

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः ॥ C१,१.२

So then we will explain the lesson about Longevity. Even this was said by the illustrious son of Atri.

athāto dīrghaṃjīvitīyam adhyāyaṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ // Car_1,1.1

iti ha smāha bhagavānātreyaḥ // Car_1,1.2

atha – now (indeclinable)

ataḥ - therefore, from this (indeclinable)

dīrgham – long (adjective, accusative masculine, singular)

jīvitīyam  - concerning life/as it should be lived (adjective, accusative, masculine, singular)

adhyāyam – chapter (noun, masculine, accusative, singular)

vyākhyāsyāmaḥ - we (will) tell (verb vi+ā√khyā, Class 2, parasmai pada, 1^st person, plural, future tense)

iti – thus, in this manner (indeclinable)

ha – indeed, assuredly (indeclinable, emphasizing particle)

sma – surely, indeed (indeclinable)

āha – he/she/it said (3^rd person singular of√ah)

bhagavān – glorious, saint, divine, venerable (adjective, masculine, nominative, singular, bhagavat)

atreyaḥ - descendant of Atri (patronym, masculine, nominative, singular)

 

दीर्घं जीवितमन्विच्छन्भरद्वाज उपागमत् ।

इन्द्रमुग्रतपा बुद्ध्वा शरण्यममरेश्वरम् ॥ C१,१.३

Desirous of long life, Bharadwaja of austere penances repaired to the supreme deity Indra, regarding him worthy of court.

dīrghaṃ jīvitamanvicchanbharadvāja upāgamat /
indramugratapā buddhvā śaraṇyamamareśvaram // Car_1,1.3

dīrghaṃ - long (adjective, neuter, accusative, singular)

 jīvitam – duration of life (noun, neuter, accusative, singular)

anvicchan – desiring (present participle, anu+ √iṣ, nominative, masculine, singular)

bharadvājaḥ – Bharadvāja (proper noun, masculine, nominative, singular)

upāgamat – went, approached (3^rd person singular, aorist, upa√gam Class 1 parasmai pada)

indram – Indra (proper noun, masculine, accusative, singular)

ugratapā – he whose tapas is formidable, austere (bahuvrihi compound, adjective for Bharadvāja, masculine, nominative, singular)

buddhvā – knowing, considering (gerund, indeclinable from √budh, 1PP)

śaraṇyam – yielding help (noun/adjective, masculine, accusative, singular – for Indra)

amareśvaram – Lord of the immortals (6^th case tatpuruṣa, describing Indra)