BG 1.2 'A śloka a day' #SAH #SanskritGrammar

Saṃjaya receiving divyadṛṣṭi to relay the battle account

संजय उवाच

दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस् तदा |
आचार्यम् उपसंगम्य राजा वचनम् अब्रवीत् ||2||

saṃjaya uvāca

dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanas tadā |
ācāryam upasaṃgamya rājā vacanam abravīt ||2||

Saṃjaya spoke:

Seeing, indeed, the army of the Pāṇḍavas, drawn up in battle, [King] Duryodhana approaching his teacher, said these words.

संजय saṃjaya (masc, nom, sing. like रामः visarga dropped before उ of उवाच Sandhi rules)
उवाच uvāca  [He/she/it] said (3rd sing. perfect, active, √vac  see table 2) 
दृष्ट्वा dṛṣṭvā having seen/seeing (gerund from √dṛś)

तु  tu indeed, surely (indeclinable)
पाण्डवानीकं pāṇḍavānīkaṃ army of the pāṇḍavas (masc, acc, sing, tatpuruṣa compound)

व्यूढं vyūḍhaṃ drawn up in battle, arrayed (masc, acc, sing. passive past participle from vi+√uh)
दुर्योधनः  duryodhanaḥ (masc, nom, singular like रामः note that before त of तदा, the visarga becomes a स्)

तदा tadā then, at that time
आचार्यम् ācāryam [to the] teacher [Droṇa] (noun, masc, acc, sing) 
उपसंगम्य upasaṃgamya having approached/approaching (gerund from upa+sam+√gam)
राजा rājā the royal person [duryodhanaḥ] (masc, nom, sing)
वचनम् vacanam word, speech (noun, neut. acc. sing.)
अब्रवीत् abravīt [he/she/it] spoke/said (3rd sing. *imperfect*, active from √brū see Table 1)

 Table 1 Conjugation:√brū (Class2 parasmai pada) present & *imperfect*

Table 2 Conjugation of √vac (Class 3 PP) perfect:

BG 1.1 'A śloka a day' #SAH #SanskritGrammar

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः |
मामकाः पाण्डवाश् चैव किम् अकुर्वत संजय ||1||

dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca:

dharma-kṣetre kuru-kṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ |

māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś caiva kim akurvata saṃjaya ||1||

Dhṛtarāṣṭra said:

धृतराष्ट्रः dhṛtarāṣṭra (masc, nom, singular like रामः* visarga dropped before उ of उवाच sandhi rules)

उवाच uvāca (3rd singular perfect active √vac) [He/she/it] said

धर्म-क्षेत्रे dharma-kṣetre (n, loc. sg) in/on the field of dharma (genitive tatpuruṣa cpd)

कुरु-क्षेत्रे  kuru-kṣetre (n, loc. sg) in/on the field of kuru (genitive tatpuruṣa cpd)
समवेताः  samavetāḥ  (m nom pl ppp sam ava √i) come together, assembled. visarga is dropped before  य of युयुत्सवः  sandhi rules)

युयुत्सवः (m nom pl desiderative adj √yudh) desiring to fight. Battle hungry
मामकाः māmakāḥ  (m nom pl) mine, my (visarga stays before पाण्डवाः sandhi rules)
पाण्डवाः pāṇḍavāḥ (m nom pl) the sons of Pāṇḍu (visarga becomes श् before succeeding च)

चैव caiva (च +एव) च and  एव indeed; used as a metric filler
किम् kim (interrogative) what; note the म् assimilates with the अ of अकुर्वत and becomes म and not an anusvāra)
अकुर्वत akurvata  (3rd plural imperfect ĀP √kṛ) [they] did

संजय! Saṃjaya (Vocative case, hence no visarga. Top tip to locate direct speech!)

* Please refer to this table to understand the case विभक्ति of the substantives that end with 'अ/a'  like क्षेत्र, etc.

Table generated using http://sanskrit.inria.fr/